Scientists discuss solar eclipse observation, volcanic island formation, the Bermuda Triangle mystery, and the future of the Caspian Sea.
The method involved drilling a borewell next to the gas field, inserting a nuclear bomb, and detonating it underground. The principle utilized the shock of the explosion to push the geological layers and block the fire hole.
When attempting to observe a solar eclipse in Iceland around 5 PM, the sun itself was obscured by clouds, but changes in the surrounding area were observed. When inside the shadow, sunlight reflecting from outside the shadow created a silvery-white light on the horizon.
When the sun is obscured and then emerges, you must look at the horizon opposite the sun. At that moment, I saw a sky of a color I had never seen before. Should I call it silvery-white?
The moon's shadow cast on Earth is much smaller than the moon's actual size. The sun is not a point light source; it acts like an area light source. Therefore, the area on Earth where a perfect total solar eclipse can be seen is a very limited narrow strip.
In Egypt, the eclipse can be observed for about 6 minutes, allowing for a long observation period. The region has almost 0mm of annual rainfall, indicating a high probability of successful observation.
Residents of Seoul will have to wait until 2701 to see a total solar eclipse. This leads to considering traveling to nearby countries like Japan for observation.
Underwater volcanoes erupt from the seabed and gradually grow taller. Even after becoming an island, a phenomenon called 'volcanic beheading' can occur where the upper part is cut off by waves, causing it to submerge again. To overcome volcanic beheading and establish itself as an island, the volume of volcanic eruption must exceed the rate of wave erosion. Ulleungdo is a prime example of an island that grew from a depth of 2,000m to establish itself above sea level.
Lower magma viscosity leads to higher eruption rates, creating favorable conditions for island formation. Conversely, higher viscosity reduces magma eruption rates, making it difficult to overcome wave erosion. Ultimately, the persistence of magma eruptions that overcome wave erosion is a key factor in volcanic island formation.
When an underwater volcano emerges from the water, it becomes a volcanic island, but if it remains submerged, it is called a seamount. Currently, Kavachi volcano is at a crossroads between these two forms, with its summit located 20m below sea level and possessing a crater.
Due to concerns about the spread of harmful methane gas from this crater, approximately 70m in diameter and 30m deep, it was intentionally set on fire. However, contrary to initial expectations, the fire has been burning for over 50 years.
This method is considered feasible only in countries with powerful nuclear technology combined with a top-down hierarchical system.
The disappearances in the Bermuda Triangle are merely an illusion of many accidents due to the large area of the region. It is already known that there are no significantly more accidents compared to other seas. People tend to take disappearances as fact and overestimate the danger.
The Caspian Sea lacks a connection to the open ocean, making its international legal distinction between a sea and a lake ambiguous. This leads to conflicting interests among the five littoral states, including Russia and Kazakhstan, over territorial division and resource allocation. If classified as a lake, the absence of territorial division rules exacerbates international legal confusion; if classified as a sea, the law of the sea (territorial waters, exclusive economic zones, etc.) can be applied.
The salinity of the Caspian Sea is about 1.3%, which is less saline than seawater (about 3.5%) but several times saltier than fresh water (less than 0.5%). After its isolation about 5.5 million years ago, it followed a unique evolutionary path, and 60% of its species are endemic to the Caspian Sea, exhibiting distinct ecological characteristics.
This is a cause of resource competition within the Caspian Sea, and Russia strongly defends its territorial rights in this region.
Global warming is reducing rainfall in the Volga River basin, the main inflow source for the Caspian Sea. This is causing a continuous decline in the Caspian Sea's water level, raising concerns that the Caspian Sea could completely disappear in the worst-case scenario.
As a result, Korea is unable to conduct any military activities or oil exploration in the area, facing military and economic threats.
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